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1.
Dental press j. orthod. (Impr.) ; 25(4): 85-100, July-Aug. 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1133676

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to the search for more aesthetic and comfortable alternatives to perform orthodontic treatments and to the great technological development, orthodontic aligners have assumed great importance. More and more complex treatments have been carried out with these appliances without, however, having all aspects involved in their use being studied in depth. Its biomechanical planning requires different approaches than those used in fixed orthodontics, as the force systems involved in movements, responses and side effects are distinct, and the professional must be prepared when opting for the technique. Objective: The objective of this article is to perform an evaluation of the force systems created on the space closure with aligners, its characteristics, and problems, as well as make some suggestions to overcome the difficulties inherent to its use. Conclusion: Space closure with aligners is possible, but depends on the correct selection of the patient, in addition to requiring the proper planning of the applied forces. The use of auxiliary resources and overcorrections to address the deficiencies of the aligner systems should always be considered. Digital planning should be used as a map of the force systems that will be applied, and not just as a marketing tool, keeping in mind that determining the objectives and the way to achieve them is the responsibility of the orthodontist, and that treatment plans must be individualized for each situation, following appropriate biomechanical precepts.


RESUMO Introdução: Devido à busca por alternativas mais estéticas e confortáveis para realizar tratamentos ortodônticos e ao grande desenvolvimento tecnológico, os alinhadores ortodônticos assumiram uma grande importância. Tratamentos cada vez mais complexos vêm sendo realizados com esses dispositivos sem que, no entanto, sejam estudados em profundidade todos os aspectos envolvidos na sua utilização. Seu planejamento biomecânico requer abordagens diferentes da Ortodontia fixa, pois os sistemas de forças envolvidos nas movimentações, respostas e efeitos colaterais são distintos, e o profissional deve estar preparado ao optar por essa técnica. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma avaliação dos sistemas de forças envolvidos no fechamento de espaços com alinhadores, suas características e problemas, bem como apresentar algumas sugestões para contornar as dificuldades decorrentes de seu uso. Conclusão: O fechamento de espaços com alinhadores é possível, mas depende da correta seleção do paciente, além de exigir o adequado planejamento das forças aplicadas. O uso de recursos auxiliares e sobrecorreções para suprir as deficiências dos sistemas de alinhadores deve ser sempre considerado. O planejamento digital deve ser usado como um mapa dos sistemas de forças que serão aplicados, e não apenas como ferramenta de marketing, tendo em mente que a determinação dos objetivos e da maneira de atingi-los é de responsabilidade do ortodontista e que os planejamentos devem ser individualizados para cada situação, seguindo preceitos biomecânicos adequados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable , Orthodontic Appliance Design , Tooth Movement Techniques , Esthetics, Dental , Orthodontists
2.
Multimed (Granma) ; 23(1): 91-103, ene.-feb. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1091258

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción: el activador abierto elástico de Klammt es un aparato funcional que permite la corrección de las anomalías de posición mandibular al aprovechar la fuerza generada por la musculatura. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de la clase II división 1 con el activador abierto elástico de Klammt. Método: se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental modalidad antes y después sin grupo control en 15 pacientes que fueron ingresados en la consulta de ortodoncia de la Clínica Universitaria de Especialidades Estomatológicas "Manuel Cedeño", y se atendieron en el período de febrero de 2016 a febrero de 2018. Resultados: la población objeto de estudio estuvo representada por 73,33 % de las edades entre siete a nueve años y el sexo femenino el más representativo con el 60,00 %. La clase II división 1 se corrigió en el 80,00 % de los pacientes al igual que la relación molar, y la estética mejoró luego del tratamiento en el 73,33 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: con el empleo del activador abierto elástico de Klammt se alcanzan resultados favorables en el tratamiento de la clase II división 1 lo cual favorece un equilibrio funcional y estético del sistema estomatognático.


ABSTRACT Introduction: the Klammt open elastic activator is a functional device that allows the correction of mandibular position anomalies by taking advantage of the force generated by the musculature. Objective: the objective of the investigation was to evaluate the results of treatment of class II division 1 with the elastic open activator of Klammt. Method: we performed a quasi-experimental modality before and after without a control group in 15 patients who were admitted to the orthodontic clinic of the University Clinic of Stomatological Specialties "Manuel Cedeño", and attended in the period from February 2016 to February 2018. Results: the study population was represented by 73.33% of the ages between seven to nine years and the female sex was the most representative with 60.00%. Class II division 1 was corrected in 80.00% of patients as well as the molar ratio, and aesthetics improved after treatment in 73.33% of patients. Conclusions: with the use of Klammt elastic open activator favorable results are achieved in the treatment of class II division 1 which favors a functional and aesthetic balance of the stomatognathic system.

3.
J. oral res. (Impresa) ; 6(6): 154-159, June 2017. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-907741

ABSTRACT

Objective: to determine the utilization, attitudes and perceptions about removable orthodontic appliances (ROA) among a sample of Chilean orthodontists. Materials and methods: Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews with 10 orthodontists from diverse professional backgrounds. The analysis was performed using the “Grounded Theory” methodology, using Atlas.ti v.6.0.15. Results: We interviewed four men and six women (31 to 75 years old), with 7 to 53 years of experience as dentists, and 1 to 10 years of experience as orthodontists. All orthodontists have experience in private practice, five in public service, and one in a military institution. One-hundred and thirty-three codes were grouped into seven categories identified as follows: perception of orthodontists, control over treatment, ROA characteristics, ROA indications and contraindications, patients’ attitude to ROA, selection of treatment, and ROA utilization. Conclusion: In the selection of ROA, different factors are involved, including the characteristics of the dentist, of the patient, and the social context. The key factor in the utilization of ROA is the perception of control over treatment.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Attitude of Health Personnel , Dentists/psychology , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable , Grounded Theory , Interviews as Topic , Orthodontists/psychology , Perception , Qualitative Research
4.
Ortodontia ; 49(3): 225-232, Maio. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-849081

ABSTRACT

O acometimento do indivíduo por patologias, como a cárie e doenças periodontais, pode ser traumático e extremamente devastador, podendo levá-lo a situações de grande comprometimento da saúde bucal e sistêmica. A introdução dos aparelhos removíveis pode predispor o desenvolvimento destas de modo que, além de aumentar o número populacional destes microrganismos, induz uma grande queda do pH intrabucal, favorecendo o processo de desmineralização dos tecidos duros e agredindo concomitantemente os tecidos moles. Logo, é necessário pesquisar e entender a fixação destes na superfície de aparelhos ortodônticos. A coleta foi realizada antes e 15 dias após a instalação dos aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis na cavidade bucal, mediante um esfregaço com swab estéril, aplicando movimentos anteroposteriores sob pressão manual na região do acrílico e na região dos parafusos expansores, quando houvesse. Na coleta inicial, houve crescimento de microrganismos em 15% dos casos para o Agar Mitis Salivarius, e 5% para o Ágar Sabouraud. Já na coleta após os 15 dias de instalação, verificou-se aumento para 100% de contaminação nas placas de Agar Mitis Salivarius, e as placas de Ágar Sabouraud permaneceram com os 5% de contaminação. Um padrão de limpeza mais bem elaborado desses aparelhos deve ser praticado pelos que o utilizam, além de estar indicada a substituição do aparato após algum tempo de uso, pois a inserção do aparelho modifica o ambiente da cavidade bucal.


The involvement of the individual by diseases such as caries and periodontal disease can be traumatic and extremely devastating and can lead one to situations of great commitment of oral and systemic health. Also, the introduction of removable appliances may predispose the development of these so that in addition to increasing the population of these microorganisms, it induces a large drop in the intraoral pH value, favoring the process of demineralization of hard tissues and simultaneously attacking the soft tissue, thus it is important to research and understand the fixation of these on the surface of orthodontic appliances. Data collection was conducted prior to installation of removable orthodontic appliances and 15 days after by a swipe with a sterile swab, applying movements from front to back under manual pressure in acrylic region and the region of expander bolts. At the first exam, 15% of cases had Agar Mitis Salivarius and 5% Agar Sabouraud. Fifteen days later, all appliances were contaminated with Agar Mitis Salivarius, while only 5% of devices were contaminated with Agar Sabouraud. A detailed cleaning must be exercised over these devices, along with replacement of the orthodontic device after some period because it can change the oral environment.


Subject(s)
Homeostasis , Oral Hygiene , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable/microbiology , In Vitro Techniques , Microbiological Techniques , Oral Health
5.
Ortho Sci., Orthod. sci. pract ; 9(34): 81-87, 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-831168

ABSTRACT

A má oclusão de Classe III é uma alteração dentoesquelética cuja incidência atinge cerca de 6% da população1, e sua abordagem clínica não cirúrgica coloca-se entre os grandes desafios da Ortodontia. A mordida cruzada anterior pode desenvolver-se em uma criança que tenha boas proporções faciais13 e, ao realizar o plano de tratamento deste paciente, é importante saber diferenciar os problemas esqueléticos, como a retrusão maxilar ou protusão mandibular, das mordidas cruzadas devido apenas ao deslocamento dentário com mordida cruzada funcional9,10,11,15. As mordidas cruzadas anteriores do tipo dentária e funcional têm mostrado responder de maneira satisfatória para uma boa oclusão por meio da utilização do aparelho progênico, o qual atua no posicionamento dentário da maxila e da mandíbula. Neste estudo abordou-se o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino, 9 anos e 9 meses de idade, portador de mordida cruzada anterior tratado com o aparelho progênico e seus respectivos resultados.


Class III malocclusion is a dental-skeletal alteration with approximately 6% of incidence over general population1, and the non-surgical clinical management ranks among the great challenges in Orthodontics. Anterior crossbite may develop in a child with good facial proportions, and while planning the treatment it is important to differentiate skeletal problems, such as jaw retrusion or mandibular protrusion, and the crossbite due to tooth displacement from c functional crossbite9,10,11,15. Anterior crossbite, both dental and functional, have responded satisfactorily to a good occlusion by using progenic appliance that acts over mandibular and maxillary dental positioning. In this study we present the case of a male patient, 9 years and 9 months old, with anterior crossbite treated with the progenic appliance, and their respective results.


Subject(s)
Male , Malocclusion, Angle Class III , Orthodontic Appliances , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable
6.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 81(6): 663-670, Nov.-Dec. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-770205

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The mandibular advancement device (MAD) is a option to treat patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of upper airway abnormalities on the success of and adherence to MAD in patients with OSAS. METHODS: Prospective study with 30 patients with mild to moderate OSAS and indications for MAD. The protocol included questionnaires addressing sleep and nasal complaints, polysomnography, and upper airway assessment. The analyzed parameters of patients who showed therapeutic success and failure and those who exhibited good and poor treatment adherence were compared. RESULTS: 28 patients completed the protocol; 64.3% responded successfully to treatment with MAD, and 60.7% exhibited good adherence to treatment. Factors associated with greater success rates were younger age (p = 0.02), smaller cervical circumference (p = 0.05), and lower AHI at baseline (p = 0.05). There was a predominance of patients without nasal abnormalities among patients treated successfully compared to those with treatment failure (p = 0.04), which was not observed in relation to adherence. Neither pharyngeal nor facial skeletal abnormalities were significantly associated with either therapeutic success or adherence. CONCLUSION: MAD treatment success was significantly lower among patients with nasal abnormalities; however, treatment adherence was not influenced by the presence of upper airway or facial skeletal abnormalities.


RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O Aparelho Intraoral (AIO) é uma opção para tratamento da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a influência das alterações da VAS e esqueléticas faciais através de uma avaliação clinica sistematizada no sucesso e adesão ao (AIO) em pacientes com (SAOS). MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo em que foram avaliados 30 pacientes com SAOS leve a moderada e indicação de AIO. Protocolo incluiu questionários de sono e queixas nasais; polissonografia e avaliação da VAS por rinoscopia anterior e oroscopia. Os parâmetros analisados foram comparados entre pacientes com sucesso e insucesso, e com boa e má adesão à terapia. RESULTADOS: Completaram o protocolo 28 pacientes. O sucesso ao tratamento foi de 64,3% e a adesão 60,7%. Os fatores associados ao sucesso foram menor idade, menor circunferência cervical e menor IAH basal. Quanto à presença de alterações nasais, houve predomínio de pacientes sem alteração nasal entre os pacientes com sucesso comparados àqueles com insucesso (p = 0,04); o que não foi observado em relação à adesão. Quanto às alterações faríngeas e alterações esqueléticas faciais, não houve significância. CONCLUSÃO: O sucesso do tratamento com AIO foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com alterações nasais, porém a adesão não foi influenciada pela presença de alterações de VAS ou esqueléticas faciais.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mandibular Advancement/instrumentation , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/therapy , Cephalometry , Polysomnography , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome
7.
Dental press j. orthod. (Impr.) ; 20(4): 76-81, July-Aug. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-757419

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Although much has been investigated about the effects of cervical headgear, there remains some controversy. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review is to disclose the actual effects of the cervical headgear appliance, based on articles of relevant quality.METHODS: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of human studies written in English; published between 1970 and 2014; in which only the cervical headgear was used to correct Class II malocclusion; prospective or retrospective; with a clear description of cervical headgear effects; with a sample size of at least 15 individuals. No comparative studies, clinical cases or cases with dental extractions were included and the sample should be homogeneous.RESULTS: Initially, 267 articles were found. A total of 42 articles were selected by title and had their abstracts read. Finally, 12 articles were classified as with high quality and were used in this systematic review.CONCLUSIONS: The cervical headgear appliance proved efficient to correct Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Its effects consisted in correction of the maxillomandibular relationship by restriction of maxillary anterior displacement; distalization and extrusion of maxillary molars; and slight maxillary expansion.


OBJETIVO: embora muitos estudos investiguem os efeitos do AEB cervical, ainda há algumas controvérsias sobre os seus efeitos. Portanto, o objetivo desta revisão sistemática é divulgar os efeitos reais do aparelho extrabucal cervical, com base em artigos com qualidade.MÉTODOS: os artigos foram pesquisados por meio das bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus e Cochrane. Os critérios de inclusão consistiram em: estudos em humanos escritos em inglês; publicados entre 1970 e 2014; apenas o AEB cervical foi utilizado para corrigir má oclusão de Classe II; prospectivos ou retrospectivos; com uma descrição clara dos efeitos do aparelho; com um tamanho de amostra de pelo menos 15 indivíduos. Estudos comparativos, relatos de caso ou casos com extrações não foram incluídos e a amostra deveria ser homogênea.RESULTADOS: inicialmente, 267 artigos foram encontrados; e 42 artigos desses foram selecionados pelo título, tendo seus resumos lidos. Por fim, 12 artigos foram classificados como de alta qualidade e foram utilizados na presente revisão sistemática.CONCLUSÕES: o aparelho extrabucal cervical foi eficiente para corrigir a má oclusão de Classe II divisão 1. Seus efeitos são correção da relação maxilomandibular, com restrição do deslocamento anterior da maxila; distalização e extrusão dos molares superiores e ligeira expansão maxilar.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Male , Alopecia Areata/veterinary , Dog Diseases/pathology , Alopecia Areata/pathology
8.
Ortho Sci., Orthod. sci. pract ; 8(32): 497-505, 2015. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-852867

ABSTRACT

Os aparelhos removíveis não constituem tema frequentemente abordado em debates ou artigos científicos atualmente, embora sejam amplamente utilizados no tratamento ortodôntico contemporâneo. De certa forma, este fato ocorre devido a uma tendência da Ortodontia em dedicar mais tempo e atenção às abordagens mecânicas que envolvam aparelhos fixos com bráquetes ou outros dispositivos mais “modernos”. Entretanto, atualmente movimentações ortodônticas tidas como mais dificultosas conseguem ser obtidas de modo satisfatório com o uso dos alinhadores, que constituem aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis sequenciais, confeccionados a partir de tecnologia computadorizada. Neste contexto, o presente artigo procura fazer uma revisão histórica sobre os aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis, buscando dados referentes desde o surgimento dos primeiros dispositivos, as evoluções sofridas pelos mesmos, bem como apresentar um caso clínico de disjunção maxilar com o uso de um aparelho removível, com sistema de retenção GCS, demonstrando sua eficácia na substituição dos grampos de retenção convencionais


Removable appliances are not an often topic of orthodontic discussion nowadays, although they are widely used in contemporary treatment. That occurs due to a tendency in Orthodontics according to which greater time and attention are given to mechanical approaches using fixed appliances with brackets or “modern” techniques. However, now even more troublesome orthodontic movement can be achieved with the use of aligners, which are sequential removable orthodontic appliances manufactured using computer technology. In this context, this article aims to make a historical review about the theme of removable appliances, seeking data since the appearance of the first devices, the enhancements, as well as presenting a case report of a rapid maxillary expansion realized with a removable appliance with a fixation system called GCS, showing its efficacy in replacing conventional orthodontic clasps.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Orthodontic Appliances , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable , Orthodontics , Palatal Expansion Technique
9.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 13(1): 34-36, Jan-Mar/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-709496

ABSTRACT

AIM: To determine the prevalence and the hygiene methods used by 6-16-year-old private school children and adolescents to clean removable orthodontic appliances (ROA) in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in private schools located in the urban area after the school tutors signed an informed consent form. Questionnaires were applied to children using removable orthodontic appliances. Data regarding hygiene methods of orthodontic appliances were collected. Descriptive analysis was performed. Pearson's chi-square test and Linear Trend with a confidence level of 95% were used for analytical analysis. RESULTS: Children using ROA in private schools were 7.6%. The most frequent hygiene method used was mechanical cleansing with toothbrush and toothpaste (85.6%). Daily cleansing was the frequency most reported by children (51.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of ROA in students from private schools was low and the most used hygiene method was brushing with toothpaste.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Disinfection/methods , Toothbrushing/methods , Oral and Dental Hygiene Products , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable
10.
Ortho Sci., Orthod. sci. pract ; 7(25): 21-26, 2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-729338

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo busca esclarecer as indicações e limitações da utilização do sistema Invisalign® por meio de um questionário de satisfação e revisão de literatura. O questionário foi aplicado a 35 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, tratados ou em tratamento com o sistema Invisalign®, avaliando os seguintes critérios: estética, dor durante o tratamento, irritação da língua ou mucosa, dificuldade na fala, sensação de boca seca, facilidade de higienização, dor na articulação temporomandibular, satisfação com o progresso do tratamento e informação sobre o tratamento. O sistema Invisalign®, quando corretamente indicado, apresenta bons resultados ortodônticos e alto grau de satisfação, mostrando-se uma excelente opção para os pacientes que necessitam de um tratamento ortodôntico, mas não podem abrir mão da estética.


The aim of this study was to clarify indications and limitations of Invisalign® system, through a patient satisfaction questionnaire and a literature review. The questionnaire was applied to 35 patients, both gender, in treatment or previously treated with Invisalign® system, assessing the following aspects: aesthetic; pain during the treatment; tongue or soft-tissues irritation; speech impairments; dry mouth sensation; effortless hygiene; temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain; satisfaction with treatment progress; and information about treatment. The Invisalign® system, when properly indicated has good orthodontic results and high satisfaction levels being an excellent alternative for patients who need orthodontic treatment and want to preserve aesthetics.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Esthetics, Dental , Orthodontic Appliances, Removable , Orthodontics
11.
J. appl. oral sci ; 19(6): 634-638, Nov.-Dec. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610879

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a differently designed functional appliance (R-appliance) and the Anterior Inclined Bite Plate (AIBP) in Class II Division I (Cl II Div I) cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty patients (28 girls, 22 boys) were chosen for the study: 25 patients (13 girls, 12 boys) with mean age of 10.4±0.8 years were treated with R-appliance for 11±2 months, the other 25 patients (15 girls, 10 boys) with mean age of 9±1.2 years were treated with AIBP for 10±2 months. All patients had Cl II Div I malocclusion due to mandibular deficiency. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed at the beginning (T1, T 1) and end of the study (T2, T 2). RESULTS: Paired T-test showed that SNB had a significant increase in both groups. The same test revealed that IMPA was reduced in R-appliance for 3.1±4.7 (p<0.01), but it was increased for 0.1±5.1 (p<0.9) in AIBP group. T-test showed that the inter-group difference of IMPA was statistically significant (p<0.05). SNA showed an increase in both groups (p<0.9). Ar-B and Ar-Pog showed an increase in both groups and the differences between them were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular advancement was achieved in both groups, but R-appliance achieved this result without lingual tipping of lower incisors.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/therapy , Orthodontic Appliance Design , Orthodontic Appliances, Functional , Cephalometry , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
12.
Dental press j. orthod. (Impr.) ; 16(4): 79-86, jul.-ago. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604329

ABSTRACT

Este artigo apresenta um novo sistema de fixação para aparelhos removíveis que dispensa a confecção de grampos, sendo especialmente indicado para pacientes que apresentem dentes com pouca ou nenhuma retenção. Esse sistema de fixação, chamado GCS, utiliza attachments, fabricados a partir de botões ortodônticos, que são colados aos dentes, proporcionando excelente retenção mecânica e permitindo que os aparelhos removíveis, nesse caso um expansor, possam ser ativados como se fossem aparelhos fixos cimentados ou colados aos dentes, com a vantagem adicional de poderem ser removidos para higienização e para eventuais consertos. Também é apresentado um aparelho de contenção GCS que se encaixa aos attachments, trava o aparelho em posição e dispensa o uso de grampos, e que pode ser utilizado em praticamente todos os dispositivos ortodônticos ativos ou de contenção, aliando alta eficiência retentiva com simplicidade de construção.


This study describes a new fixation system for removable appliances that does not require the fabrication of clasps and is specially recommended for patients whose teeth provide little or no retention. This fixation system, called GCS, uses attachments fabricated with orthodontic buttons bonded to the teeth. It provides excellent mechanical retention, and the removable appliances, in this case an expander, can be activated as if they were fixed appliances cemented or bonded to teeth. An additional advantage is that they may be removed for cleaning and repairs, if necessary. This study also describes a GCS retention appliance that fits into the attachments and fixes the appliance in a certain position, which precludes the use of clasps and may be adapted for practically all active or retentive orth odontic devices as it combines high retentive efficiency and fabrication simplicity.

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